Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys. They can cause significant pain and discomfort as they move through the urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common condition, affecting approximately 1 in 10 people at some point in their lifetime.
What are kidney stones?
Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys. They can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. Kidney stones can be made up of several different types of minerals, including calcium, oxalate, and uric acid.
Who's at risk for kidney stones?
Kidney stones can affect anyone, but some people may be at higher risk. Risk factors for kidney stones may include:
- Family history of kidney stones
- Dehydration
- Certain medical conditions, such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease
- Certain medications, such as diuretics or antacids
- High intake of certain foods, such as salt or animal protein
What causes kidney stones?
Kidney stones form when minerals and other substances in the urine crystallize and stick together. The exact cause of kidney stones is not always known, but certain factors may increase the risk of developing them. These factors may include:
- Dehydration
- High intake of certain foods, such as salt or animal protein
- Certain medical conditions, such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease
- Certain medications, such as diuretics or antacids
How do kidney stones start?
Kidney stones form when minerals and other substances in the urine crystallize and stick together. They can start small and grow larger over time. Some people may not experience any symptoms until the stones begin to move through the urinary tract.
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Some common symptoms may include:
- Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs
- Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
- Pain that comes and goes in waves
- Painful urination
- Blood in the urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Frequent urination
- Fever or chills (if an infection is present)
How are kidney stones diagnosed?
A healthcare provider may perform several tests to diagnose kidney stones. These tests may include:
- Urine tests to check for blood, infection, and mineral levels
- Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds, to locate the stone and determine its size and location
- Blood tests to check for high levels of certain minerals, such as calcium or uric acid
How can kidney stones be treated?
Treatment for kidney stones may depend on the size and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Some treatment options may include:
- Drinking plenty of fluids to help flush out the stone
- Pain medication to manage discomfort
- Medications to help dissolve the stone or prevent future stones from forming
- Procedures to remove the stone, such as lithotripsy or ureteroscopy
What complications may occur with kidney stones?
Complications from kidney stones may include:
- Recurrent kidney stones
- Obstruction of the urinary tract
- Kidney damage
- Urinary tract infections
How can I prevent kidney stones?
Some strategies that may help prevent kidney stones include:
- Drinking plenty of fluids to help flush out the urinary system
- Limiting intake of certain foods that are high in salt, animal protein, or oxalate
- Taking medications to help prevent stones from forming
- Treating underlying medical conditions, such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease
Long-term management of kidney stones
- Long-term management of kidney stones may involve ongoing monitoring to prevent future stones from forming. This may include:
- Drinking plenty of fluids to help flush out the urinary system
- Limiting intake of certain foods that are high in salt, animal protein, or oxalate
- Taking medications to help prevent stones from forming
- Treating underlying medical conditions, such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease
What is recent research saying about kidney stones?
Recent research has focused on the role of diet and lifestyle factors in the development and management of kidney stones. Studies have found that a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help reduce the risk of developing kidney stones. Researchers are also exploring the use of certain medications, such as thiazide diuretics, in the prevention of kidney stones.
Where can I go for more information on kidney stones?
The National Kidney Foundation and the American Urological Association are both helpful resources for information on kidney stones. It is also important to talk to a healthcare provider for guidance and support in managing kidney stones.
